Resources and Further Reading

Section 1a: 1918 Pandemic in Canada Primary Sources

“19181212.Pdf” Accessed February 25, 2021.

“CIVILIANS GET SPANISH ‘FLU’: Five Cases Among Citizens Have Been Reported to Dr. Hastings MAY BE A MILD FORM Fifty Soldiers in Military Wing of General Hospital Quarantined.” The Globe (1844-1936). October 3, 1918.

Defining Moments Canada. “Flu Gallery Items” Accessed March 4, 2021.

“FLU MICROBE IS SMALL: Cannot Be Seen, Say the Scientists but It Is Identified.” The Globe (1844-1936). October 16, 1918.

Globe, Special Despatch to The. “500 FLU CASES IN HAMILTON: Disease Is in a Virulent Form–Eleven Deaths in Two Days WOUNDED MEN RETURN.” The Globe (1844-1936). October 7, 1918.

“CLAIMS HE HAS FOUND A SERUM: Hamilton Bacteriologist Using One From Blood of ‘Flu’ Patients Recovered DEATH OF W. G. BAILEY Influenza Now Reported as Decreasing in Deaths and New Cases.” The Globe (1844-1936). October 26, 1918.

“‘FLU’ SPREADING IN HAMILTON: Schools, Theatres, Churches, Etc., to Be Closed–Women Are Taught Nursing.” The Globe (1844-1936). October 17, 1918.

“‘Flu’ Taking Heavy Toil in the North: Sad Tales of the Indians and Lumber Camps Around Chapleau.” The Globe (1844-1936). November 13, 1918.

Globe, Staff Correspondence of The. “LET LIQUOR FIGHT THE FLU: Proposal Is Made to Relax Temporarily Prohibitory Restrictions DISPENSARY CROWDED Rush in Ottawa Blocks the Sidewalk–No Action Yet by Government.” The Globe (1844-1936). October 10, 1918.

“LONDON HAS STRICT RULES: No One With Cough or Cold to Leave His Dwelling or Sneeze Openly HOSPITAL STAFFS ILL Precautions of Closing All Public Meeting Places in Several Towns.” The Globe (1844-1936). October 17, 1918.

“More Spanish ‘Flu’ Cases in Polish Camp.” The Globe (1844-1936). September 21, 1918.

“RENFREW HIT BY SPANISH ‘FLU’: Between 400 and 500 Cases Develop and 10 Deaths Result RELIEF MEASURES TAKEN From Various Other Centres in Province the Disease Is Reported.” The Globe (1844-1936). October 4, 1918.

“SPANISH ‘FLU’ IS SPREADING: More Municipalities in Eastern Ontario Report the Disease ELMONTE, OTTAWA ADDED Nurses Sent to Renfrew, but Difficult to Find Doctors.” The Globe (1844-1936). October 5, 1918.

“SPANISH INFLUENZA: S.O.S. LECTURES TO YOUNG LADY VOLUNTEERS By DR. MARGARET PATTERSON LECTURE NO. 3–GENERAL SYMPTOMS.” The Globe (1844-1936). October 17, 1918.

“To Fight the Flu.” The Globe (1844-1936). October 10, 1918, sec. Women.

“TWO SAD CASES INBRANTFORD: Hospital Flu Baby’s Mother Succumbs to the Disease EPIDEMIC IS ABATING But Churches to Remain Closed on Sunday, as a Rule.” The Globe (1844-1936). October 26, 1918.

“WOMAN FOLLOWS THREE BROTHERS: Stricken With Influenza While Nursing Them, They Have Died, She Succumbs HEAVY TOLL IN GALT Epidemic Is, However, Reported as Abating in a Number of Places.” The Globe (1844-1936). October 24, 1918.

Section 1b: 1918 Pandemic in Canada Secondary Sources

“1918 Spanish Flu in Canada | The Canadian Encyclopedia.” Accessed January 28, 2021.

“19181212.Pdf” Accessed February 25, 2021.

Belyea, Andrew. “Kingston’s Experience with Spanish Influenza: Explaining the Highest Death Rate in Canada” Canadian Medical Association Journal 191, no. 13 (April 1, 2019): E367–69.

Buchanan, Sarah. “Spanish Influenza in the City of Vancouver, British Columbia, 1918-1919” M.Sc., University of Victoria (Canada), 2012.

Cameron, Ian A. “Dr Montizambert and the 1918–1919 Spanish Influenza Pandemic in Canada.” Canadian Family Physician 56, no. 5 (May 1, 2010): 453–54.

Canada, Library and Archives. “Record” July 20, 2017.

Dec 29, Sarah Rieger, CBC News, “100 Years Ago, a Train Carrying Spanish Flu Pulled into Calgary. Within Weeks, Alberta Was in Crisis | CBC News” CBC, December 29, 2018.

Defining Moments Canada. “Flu Gallery Items – Page 3” Accessed March 4, 2021.

“Full Article: Mass Death and Mass Illness in an Isolated Canadian Town: Coping with Pandemic Influenza in Kenora, Ontario, in 1918–1921” Accessed January 28, 2021.

“Gale OneFile: CPI.Q – Document – Boats, Trains, and Immunity: The Spread of the Spanish Flu on the Island of Newfoundland” Accessed January 28, 2021.

Goldenberg, Susan. “Killer Flu: Having Barely Survived the Trenches of World War I, Returning Canadian Soldiers–and the Public at Large–Were Greeted with a Horror of a Different Ilk: The Spanish Flu. Weapons Were No Defence.” The Beaver: Exploring Canada’s History 86, no. 5 (October 1, 2006): 27–33.

Nova Scotia Museum. “How Did Influenza Reach Nova Scotia and Spread?” March 27, 2019.

Ian Cumming. “Spanish Flu Hit Those in Their Prime; The Majority of the 55,000 Who Died in Canada Fell into the 20 to 40 Age Group.” Ontario Farmer (1994), 2020, A.11-.

Jones, Esyllt W. Influenza 1918: Disease, Death, and Struggle in Winnipeg. Studies in Gender and History 31. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2007.

“Looking Back: The 1918 Flu Pandemic and Its Impact on Education in Ontario” Accessed January 28, 2021.

Lux, Maureen Katherine. “The Impact of the Spanish Influenza Pandemic in Saskatchewan, 1918-1919” 1989.

MacDougall, Heather. “Eileen Pettigrew The Silent Enemy: Canada and the Deadly Flu of 1918 Saskatoon: Western Producer Prairie Books” Canadian Bulletin of Medical History 1, no. 2 (October 1984): 97–99.

Marion, Nicole, and Joseph Scanlon. “Mass Death and Mass Illness in an Isolated Canadian Town: Coping with Pandemic Influenza in Kenora, Ontario, in 1918-1921” Mortality (Abingdon, England) 16, no. 4 (2011): 325–42.

Canada and the First World War. “Military Documents – Flu Death Certificate” Accessed March 4, 2021.

Miller, Ian. “No Cause for Alarm.” Beaver 80, no. 6 (January 12, 2000): 33.

“More Spanish ‘Flu’ Cases in Polish Camp.” The Globe (1844-1936). September 21, 1918.

“Other Vaccines” Accessed March 4, 2021.

Palmer, Craig, Lisa Sattenspiel, and C. Cassidy. “Boats, Trains, and Immunity: The Spread of the Spanish Flu on the Island of Newfoundland.” Newfoundland Labrador Stud. 22 (January 1, 2007): 473–504.

Parks Canada Agency, Government of Canada. “The Spanish Flu in Canada (1918-1920) – History and Culture” March 30, 2020.

Defining Moments Canada. “Pictures Archives” Accessed March 4, 2021.

Sattenspiel, Lisa, and D. Ann Herring. “Simulating the Effect of Quarantine on the Spread of the 1918–19 Flu in Central Canada” Bulletin of Mathematical Biology 65, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): 1–26.

Scanlon, Joseph, Terry McMahon, and Coen Van Haastert. “Handling Mass Death by Integrating the Management of Disasters and Pandemics: Lessons from the Indian Ocean Tsunami, the Spanish Flu and Other Incidents” Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management 15, no. 2 (2007): 80–94.

Shenghai Zhang, Ping Yan, Brian Winchester, and Jun Wang. “Transmissibility of the 1918 Pandemic Influenza in Montreal and Winnipeg of Canada” Influenza & Other Respiratory Viruses 4, no. 1 (January 2010): 27–31.

Slonim, Karen. “‘Send Only Your Serious Cases’: Delivering Flu to Toronto: An Anthropological Analysis of the 1918-19 Influenza Epidemic in Toronto, Ontario, Canada” Ph.D., University of Missouri – Columbia, 2010.

“SPANISH ‘FLU’ INVADES CITY: Hundreds of Cases Develop, but All of a Mild Form 150 AIRMEN IN HOSPITAL Health Authorities Not Alarmed and Put Sickness Down to Bad Weather – ProQuest” Accessed March 4, 2021.

       “Spanish Flu in Ontario Lesson Kit.Pdf” Accessed January 28, 2021.

        The Other Forgotten Pandemic: Canada and the Spanish Flu in 1920, 2014.

        City of Niagara Falls History Museums. “The Spanish Influenza – Niagara Falls Museums” Accessed January 28, 2021.

Section 2a: WW1 and the Pandemic Primary Sources

“62 R.A.F MEN ‘FLU’ VICTIMS: Fifty-Three of Them Have Died in the Base Hospital.” The Globe (1844-1936). October 24, 1918.

“2016.011.315 – Print, Photographic” Accessed March 4, 2021.

Canada, Library and Archives. “Record” July 20, 2017.

“Capt.Mackintosh Dies of ‘Flu.’” The Globe (1844-1936). October 14, 1918.

“CIVILIANS GET SPANISH FLU: Five Cases Among Citizens Have Been Reported to Dr. Hastings MAY BE A MILD FORM Fifty Soldiers in Military Wing of General Hospital Quarantined – Brock University.” Accessed February 25, 2021.

“DEATH OF MAJOR RUTTAN: Had Come Home on Furlough Only a Week Ago; Victim of Flu; – Brock University” Accessed March 4, 2021.

“DEATH OF MAJOR RUTTAN: Had Come Home on Furlough Only a Week Ago; Victim of ‘Flu.’” The Globe (1844-1936). November 4, 1918.

“Few New ‘Flu’ Cases at Niagara Cam.” The Globe (1844-1936). October 11, 1918.

“Flu Cases Increase at Niagara Camp: Total Fatamties at the Polish Camp Now Are Seventeen.” The Globe (1844-1936). October 10, 1918.

Gibbs, Philip. “ALLIES PROGRESS DESPITE HEAVY RAINS: ROAD MENDING BIG TASK NOW Communications and Shelters for Army Occupy Attention of Troops ‘FLU’ ATTACKS FEW MEN Hospital Stories of Achievements by Boys Lately Out of School.” The Globe (1844-1936). September 11, 1918.

Globe, Special Despatch to The. “‘FLU’ SPREADING IN HAMILTON: Schools, Theatres, Churches, Etc., to Be Closed–Women Are Taught Nursing.” The Globe (1844-1936). October 17, 1918.

“‘Flu’ Taking Heavy Toil in the North: Sad Tales of the Indians and Lumber Camps Around Chapleau.” The Globe (1844-1936). November 13, 1918.

“INQUIRE INTO FLU OUTBREAK: Board of Health and Military Confer To-Day on Local Situation DEATH TOLL MOUNTING Hospitals Are Taxed to Capacity, but Conditions Among Soldiers Improve.” The Globe (1844-1936). October 8, 1918.

“More Spanish ‘Flu’ Cases in Polish Camp.” The Globe (1844-1936). September 21, 1918.

“NOT GETTING ANY WORSE: Spanish Influenza in City Apparently Not Increasing SOLDIERS CASES ABATING Some Doctors in Toronto Have Not Yet Encountered Disease.” The Globe (1844-1936). October 5, 1918.

“Page 6.” Toronto Daily Star (1900-1971). October 19, 1918.

“Search the Collections | Canadian War MuseumHeartHeartChain” Accessed March 11, 2021.

“SPANISH ‘FLU’ INVADES CITY: Hundreds of Cases Develop, but All of a Mild Form 150 AIRMEN IN HOSPITAL Health Authorities Not Alarmed and Put Sickness Down to Bad Weather.” The Globe (1844-1936). September 30, 1918.

“SPANISH ‘FLU’ IS SPREADING: More Municipalities in Eastern Ontario Report the Disease ELMONTE, OTTAWA ADDED Nurses Sent to Renfrew, but Difficult to Find Doctors.” The Globe (1844-1936). October 5, 1918.

“Spanish Influenza Is Raging in the German Army; Grip and Typhus Also Prevalent Among Soldiers.” New York Times. 1918.

“The ‘Kinfauns Castle’ as a Troopship – National Maritime Museum” Accessed March 11, 2021.

“Twenty-One Deaths from ‘Flu’ in Camps.” The Globe (1844-1936). October 12, 1918.

Section 2b: WW1 and the Pandemic Secondary Sources

Becker, Jillion. “Influenza during World War I: The Great Flu Pandemic, 1916–1919,” 195–211, 2018.

Bennett, Charlotte. “‘Now the War Is over, We Have Something Else to Worry Us’: New Zealand Children’s Responses to Crises, 1914–1918” The Journal of the History of Childhood and Youth 7, no. 1 (2014): 19–41.

Bergen, Leo van, and Peter Wever. “Death from 1918 Pandemic Influenza during the First World War; A Perspective from Personal and Anecdotal Evidence” Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 8, no. 5 (2014): 538–46.

Carol R Byerly. “The U.S. Military and the Influenza Pandemic of 1918—1919” Public Health Reports (1974) 125, no. 3_suppl (2010): 82–91.

Chorba, Terence, and Byron Breedlove. “Concurrent Conflicts—the Great War and the 1918 Influenza Pandemic” Emerging Infectious Diseases 24, no. 10 (2018): 1968–69.

“CIVILIANS GET SPANISH FLU: Five Cases Among Citizens Have Been Reported to Dr. Hastings MAY BE A MILD FORM Fifty Soldiers in Military Wing of General Hospital Quarantined – Brock University.” Accessed February 25, 2021.

Flecknoe, Daniel, Benjamin Charles Wakefield, and Aidan Simmons. “Plagues & Wars: The ‘Spanish Flu’ Pandemic as a Lesson from History” Medicine, Conflict and Survival 34, no. 2 (April 3, 2018): 61–68.

Haalboom, Floor. “‘Spanish’ Flu and Army Horses: What Historians and Biologists Can Learn from a History of Animals with Flu during the 1918-1919 Influenza Pandemic.” Studium: Tijdschrift Voor Wetenschaps- En Universiteitsgeschiedenis / Revue d’Histoire Des Sciences et Des Universités 7, no. 3 (September 2014): 124–39.

Havari, Enkelejda, and Franco Peracchi. “Growing up in Wartime: Evidence from the Era of Two World Wars” Economics & Human Biology, In Honor of Nobel Laureate Angus Deaton: Health Economics in Developed and Developing Countries, 25 (May 1, 2017): 9–32.

Honigsbaum, Mark. “Regulating the 1918–19 Pandemic: Flu, Stoicism and the Northcliffe Press” Medical History 57, no. 2 (April 2013): 165–85.

Humphries, Mark Osborne. “Paths of Infection: The First World War and the Origins of the 1918 Influenza Pandemic” War in History 21, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 55–81.

Kawana, Akihiko, Go Naka, Yuji Fujikura, Yasuyuki Kato, Yasutaka Mizuno, Tatsuya Kondo, and Koichiro Kudo. “Spanish Influenza in Japanese Armed Forces, 1918-1920.” Emerging Infectious Diseases 13, no. 4 (April 1, 2007): 590–94.

Molgaard, Craig A. “Military Vital Statistics The Spanish Flu and the First World War” Significance 16, no. 4 (2019): 32–37.

More, Alexander F., Christopher P. Loveluck, Heather Clifford, Michael J. Handley, Elena V. Korotkikh, Andrei V. Kurbatov, Michael McCormick, and Paul A. Mayewski. “The Impact of a Six-Year Climate Anomaly on the ‘Spanish Flu’ Pandemic and WWI” GeoHealth 4, no. 9 (2020): e2020GH000277.

Nickol, Michaela E., and Jason Kindrachuk. “A Year of Terror and a Century of Reflection: Perspectives on the Great Influenza Pandemic of 1918–1919” BMC Infectious Diseases 19, no. 1 (February 6, 2019): 117.

Özdemir, Hikmet. The Ottoman Army 1914 – 1918 Disease and Death on the Battlefield. Book Collections on Project MUSE. Salt Lake City, UT: University of Utah Press, 2008.

Richonne, Judy F. “An Incomplete Narrative: World War I and the Spanish Influenza” M.A., California State University, Fullerton, 2018.

“SPANISH ‘FLU’ INVADES CITY: Hundreds of Cases Develop, but All of a Mild Form 150 AIRMEN IN HOSPITAL Health Authorities Not Alarmed and Put Sickness Down to Bad Weather.” The Globe (1844-1936). September 30, 1918.

Summers, Jennifer A. “Pandemic Influenza Outbreak on a Troop Ship–Diary of a Soldier in 1918” Emerging Infectious Diseases 18, no. 11 (2012): 1900–1903.

Section 3a: Public Health and Medical Response Primary Sources

“Archives of Manitoba – Winnipeg Past and Present Oral History Project” Accessed March 4, 2021.

“Archives of Ontario : Thomas Millman Diaries with Related Memorabilia” Accessed February 25, 2021.

Canada, Library and Archives. “Record” July 20, 2017.

“Civilization.ca – History of Canadian Medicare – 1914-1929 – Influenza Pandemic” Accessed March 11, 2021.

“F 4529-1 1918.Pdf” Accessed March 4, 2021.

“F 4529-1 1919.Pdf” Accessed March 4, 2021.

Your Museum. Your Stories. “Flu Epidemic Strikes” Accessed March 11, 2021.

“Medical Records at the Archives of Ontario – Influenza Poster, 1918” Accessed February 25, 2021.

Canada and the First World War. “Military Documents – Flu Death Certificate” Accessed March 4, 2021.

“Photo-History1_10b.Jpg” Accessed March 11, 2021.

Defining Moments Canada. “Pictures Archives” Accessed March 11, 2021.

Defining Moments Canada. “Pictures Archives” Accessed March 11, 2021.

Rutty, Christopher J. “THE SPANISH FLU AND CANADIAN INFLUENZA VACCINE INITIATIVES,” n.d., 14.

“Spanish Flu in Ontario Lesson Kit.Pdf” Accessed February 25, 2021.

“The Influenza Epidemic of 1918” Accessed February 25, 2021.

“The Varsity War Supplement 1918” Students Administrative Council, University of Toronto, 1918.

“The Winnipeg Evening Tribune, 1918-09-24” Accessed March 4, 2021.

University of Toronto. “The Varsity” October 2, 1918 – March 24, 1919. Toronto : The University, 1918.

“Visiting-Doctor-Letter.Pdf” Accessed February 25, 2021.

Section 3b: Public Health and Medical Response Secondary Sources

Barry, John M. “Comments on the Nonpharmaceutical Interventions in New York City and Chicago during the 1918 Flu Pandemic” Journal of Translational Medicine 5, no. 1 (December 11, 2007): 65.

Bazotte, Roberto Barbosa, Sandro Massao Hirabara, Tamires Afonso Duarte Serdan, Raquel Bragante Gritte, Talita Souza-Siqueira, Renata Gorjao, Laureane Nunes Masi, et al. “4-Aminoquinoline Compounds from the Spanish Flu to COVID-19” Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 135 (March 1, 2021): 111138.

Belyea, Andrew. “Kingston’s Experience with Spanish Influenza: Explaining the Highest Death Rate in Canada” Canadian Medical Association Journal 191, no. 13 (April 1, 2019): E367–69.

Bogaert, Kandace. “Cross Protection between the First and Second Waves of the 1918 Influenza Pandemic among Soldiers of the Canadian Expeditionary Force (CEF) in Ontario” Vaccine 33, no. 51 (December 16, 2015): 7232–38.

Gagnon, Alain, Matthew S. Miller, Stacey A. Hallman, Robert Bourbeau, D. Ann Herring, David JD Earn, and Joaquin Madrenas. “Age-Specific Mortality During the 1918 Influenza Pandemic: Unravelling the Mystery of High Young Adult Mortality” PLoS ONE 8, no. 8 August 5, 2013.

“Pandemics: Avoiding the Mistakes of 1918: As Bodies Piled up, the United States’ Response to the ‘Spanish Flu’ Was to Tell the Public That There Was No Cause for Alarm. The Authority Figures Who Glossed over the Truth Lost Their Credibility” Accessed February 9, 2021.

Nickol, Michaela E., and Jason Kindrachuk. “A Year of Terror and a Century of Reflection: Perspectives on the Great Influenza Pandemic of 1918–1919” BMC Infectious Diseases 19, no. 1 (February 6, 2019): 117.

Rosner, David. “‘Spanish Flu, or Whatever It Is….’: The Paradox of Public Health in a Time of Crisis” Public Health Reports 125, no. 3_suppl (April 1, 2010): 37–47.

Sattenspiel, Lisa, and D. Ann Herring. “Simulating the Effect of Quarantine on the Spread of the 1918–19 Flu in Central Canada” Bulletin of Mathematical Biology 65, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): 1–26.

Scerri, Mariella, and Victor Grech. “To Wear or Not to Wear? Adherence to Face Mask Use during the COVID-19 and Spanish Influenza Pandemics” Early Human Development, 2020, 105253–105253.

Schwartz, Jason L. “The Spanish Flu, Epidemics, and the Turn to Biomedical Responses” American Journal of Public Health (1971) 108, no. 11 (2018): 1455–58.

Shenghai Zhang, Ping Yan, Brian Winchester, and Jun Wang. “Transmissibility of the 1918 Pandemic Influenza in Montreal and Winnipeg of Canada” Influenza & Other Respiratory Viruses 4, no. 1 (January 2010): 27–31.

Singh, Madhu. “Bombay Fever/Spanish FLU: Public Health and Native Press in Colonial Bombay, 1918–19” South Asia Research 41, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): 35–52.

“The Influenza Epidemic of 1918” Accessed February 25, 2021.

TOM DICKE. “Waiting for the Flu: Cognitive Inertia and the Spanish Influenza Pandemic of 1918–19.” Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 70, no. 2 (2015): 195–217.

“Visiting-Doctor-Letter.Pdf” Accessed February 25, 2021.

Section 4a: Economy and Politics Primary Sources

“1920.Pdf” Accessed March 4, 2021.

“Quarantine and Immigration: Spanish Influenza – general – Library and Archives Canada” Item 32. Accessed March 4, 2021.

Canada, Library and Archives. “Contribute on Digital Object” Accessed March 4, 2021.

“Quarantine and Immigration: Spanish Influenza – general – Library and Archives Canada” Item 77. Accessed March 4, 2021.

“E000000495.Jpg” Accessed March 10, 2021.

“Quarantine and Immigration: Spanish Influenza – general – Library and Archives Canada” Item 63. Accessed March 4, 2021.

“Quarantine and Immigration: Spanish Influenza – general – Library and Archives Canada” Items 110 and 112. Accessed March 4, 2021.

“M-861-4b-P005.Tif – Alberta On Record” Accessed March 10, 2021.

Canada and the First World War. “Military Documents – Death Certificate” Accessed March 4, 2021.

“Quarantine and Immigration: Spanish Influenza – General – Library and Archives Canada” Accessed February 25, 2021.

“Quarantine and Immigration: Spanish Influenza – general – Library and Archives Canada” Items 54. Accessed March 4, 2021.

“Quarantine and Immigration: Spanish Influenza – general – Library and Archives Canada” Items 34. Accessed March 4, 2021.

Section 4b: Economy and Politics Secondary Sources

Alexander, Ryan M. “The Spanish Flu and the Sanitary Dictatorship: Mexico’s Response to the 1918 Influenza Pandemic” The Americas (Washington. 1944) 76, no. 3 (2019): 443–65.

Barro, Robert, José Ursúa, and Joanna Weng. “The Coronavirus and the Great Influenza Pandemic: Lessons from the ‘Spanish Flu’ for the Coronavirus’s Potential Effects on Mortality and Economic Activity” Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, March 2020.

Barry, John M. “Comments on the Nonpharmaceutical Interventions in New York City and Chicago during the 1918 Flu Pandemic.” Journal of Translational Medicine 5, no. 1 (December 11, 2007): 65.

“Pandemics: Avoiding the Mistakes of 1918” Nature 459, no. 7245 (May 2009): 324–25.

Ben Strassfeld. “Infectious Media: Debating the Role of Movie Theaters in Detroit during the Spanish Influenza of 1918” Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television 38, no. 2 (April 3, 2018): 227–45.

Bennett, Charlotte. “‘Now the War Is over, We Have Something Else to Worry Us’: New Zealand Children’s Responses to Crises, 1914–1918” The Journal of the History of Childhood and Youth 7, no. 1 (2014): 19–41.

Burnett, Paul. “The Visible Land: Agricultural Economics, US Export Agriculture, and International Development, 1918–1965” Ph.D., University of Pennsylvania, 2008.

Canada, Office national du film du. “Le Canada entre les deux guerres mondiales”. Accessed January 28, 2021.

Clay, Karen, Joshua Lewis, and Edson Severnini. “Pollution, Infectious Disease, and Mortality: Evidence from the 1918 Spanish Influenza Pandemic” The Journal of Economic History 78, no. 4 (December 2018): 1179–1209.

“COMPARATIVE STUDY THE IMPACT OF COVID-19-2020 AND THE SPANISH-1920 FLU IN AN INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVE | Journal of Social Political Sciences.” Accessed January 28, 2021.

“Concurrent Conflicts the Great War and the 1918 Influenza Pandemic – Vol. 24, Num. 10, Oct 2018 – Emerging Infectious Diseases Journal – CDC.” Accessed January 28, 2021.

CRKN. “7 Years of Liberal Administration Contrasted – Image 1 – Canadiana Online” Accessed January 28, 2021.

“Age-Specific Mortality During the 1918 Influenza Pandemic: Unravelling the Mystery of High Young Adult Mortality.” Accessed January 28, 2021.

“The Spanish Flu Pandemic and the U.S. Economy” Accessed January 28, 2021.

Helgertz, Jonas, and Tommy Bengtsson. “The Long-Lasting Influenza: The Impact of Fetal Stress During the 1918 Influenza Pandemic on Socioeconomic Attainment and Health in Sweden, 1968–2012” Demography 56, no. 4 (August 2019): 1389–1425.

Hoppe, Trevor. “‘Spanish Flu’: When Infectious Disease Names Blur Origins and Stigmatize Those Infected” American Journal of Public Health 108, no. 11 (September 25, 2018): 1462–64.

Karlsson, Martin, Therese Nilsson, and Stefan Pichler. “The Impact of the 1918 Spanish Flu Epidemic on Economic Performance in Sweden” Journal of Health Economics 36 (July 2014): 1–19.

Maureira, Hugo Alberto. “‘Los Culpables de La Miseria’: Poverty and Public Health during the Spanish Influenza Epidemic in Chile, 1918–1920” Ph.D., Georgetown University, 2012.

“Simulating the Effect of Quarantine on the Spread of the 1918–19 Flu in Central Canada | SpringerLink” Accessed January 28, 2021.

Singh, Madhu. “Bombay Fever/Spanish FLU: Public Health and Native Press in Colonial Bombay, 1918–19” South Asia Research 41, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): 35–52.

Section 5a: Life During the Pandemic Primary Sources

Globe, Special Despatch to The. “‘Flu’ Taking Heavy Toil in the North: Sad Tales of the Indians and Lumber Camps Around Chapleau.” The Globe (1844-1936). November 13, 1918.

“MAYOR CLASHES WITH TWO M.O.H.: His Worship Charges Laxity in Connection With Flu Outbreak ENDS IN WRANGLE Col. McCullough and Dr. Hastings Resent Criticism of Chief Magistrate.” The Globe (1844-1936). October 9, 1918.

“Medical Records at the Archives of Ontario – Influenza Poster, 1918” Accessed March 11, 2021.

“SPANISH ‘FLU’ IS ABATING: In Many Places the Ban on Public Meetings Is Removed.” The Globe (1844-1936). November 1, 1918.

“Topics of the Day: Insurance on ‘Flu’ Victims.” The Globe (1844-1936). December 10, 1918.

Section 5b: Life During the Pandemic Secondary Sources

Ahillen, Caroline. “Agent-Based Modeling of the Spread of the 1918–1919 Spanish Flu in Three Canadian Fur Trading Communities” ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 2006.

Alcabes, Philip. “Flu Vaccination in Historical Perspective: Public Health for the Middle Class.” Social Alternatives 29, no. 2 (Second Quarter 2010): 8–14.

Ben Strassfeld. “Infectious Media: Debating the Role of Movie Theaters in Detroit during the Spanish Influenza of 1918” Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television 38, no. 2 (April 3, 2018): 227–45.

Byerly, Carol R. “The U.S. Military and the Influenza Pandemic of 1918–1919.” Public Health Reports 125, no. Suppl 3 (2010): 82–91.

Flecknoe, Daniel, Benjamin Charles Wakefield, and Aidan Simmons. “Plagues & Wars: The ‘Spanish Flu’ Pandemic as a Lesson from History” Medicine, Conflict and Survival 34, no. 2 (April 3, 2018): 61–68.

Honigsbaum, Mark. “Regulating the 1918–19 Pandemic: Flu, Stoicism and the Northcliffe Press” Medical History 57, no. 2 (April 2013): 165–85.

Hoppe, Trevor. “‘Spanish Flu’: When Infectious Disease Names Blur Origins and Stigmatize Those Infected” American Journal of Public Health 108, no. 11 (September 25, 2018): 1462–64.

“IndianJSocPsychiatry.Pdf” Accessed January 28, 2021.

Mamelund, Svenn-Erik. “1918 Pandemic Morbidity: The First Wave Hits the Poor, the Second Wave Hits the Rich” Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 12, no. 3 (2018): 307–13.

“A Socially Neutral Disease? Individual Social Class, Household Wealth and Mortality from Spanish Influenza in Two Socially Contrasting Parishes in Kristiania 1918–19” Social Science & Medicine 62, no. 4 (February 2006): 923–40.

“MAYOR CLASHES WITH TWO M.O.H.: His Worship Charges Laxity in Connection With Flu Outbreak ENDS IN WRANGLE Col. McCullough and Dr. Hastings Resent Criticism of Chief Magistrate.” The Globe (1844-1936). October 9, 1918.

More, Alexander F., Christopher P. Loveluck, Heather Clifford, Michael J. Handley, Elena V. Korotkikh, Andrei V. Kurbatov, Michael McCormick, and Paul A. Mayewski. “The Impact of a Six-Year Climate Anomaly on the ‘Spanish Flu’ Pandemic and WWI” GeoHealth 4, no. 9 (2020): e2020GH000277.

Palmer, Craig T., Lisa Sattenspiel, and Chris Cassidy. “Boats, Trains, and Immunity: The Spread of the Spanish Flu on the Island of Newfoundland.” Newfoundland and Labrador Studies 22, no. 2 (2007): 473-.

“Impact and Responses to the 1918 Influenza Pandemic in Minas Gerais, Brazil.” Newfoundland and Labrador Studies 22, no. 2 (2007): 473-.

“Spanish Influenza Mortality of Ethnic Minorities in Norway 1918-1919” Accessed January 28, 2021.

Spinney, Laura. “The Spanish Flu: An Interdisciplinary Problem” The Lancet 392, no. 10164 (December 2018): 2552.

Van Gerrewey, Christophe. “Benjamin’s Flu” Architectural Theory Review 24, no. 2 (May 3, 2020): 184–87